{"id":356,"date":"2018-06-21T12:30:30","date_gmt":"2018-06-21T09:30:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/?p=356"},"modified":"2018-06-21T12:30:30","modified_gmt":"2018-06-21T09:30:30","slug":"yeterli-gida-tuketebilmek-icin-zehirlenmek-gerekmez","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/?p=356","title":{"rendered":"YETERL\u0130 GIDA T\u00dcKETEB\u0130LMEK \u0130\u00c7\u0130N ZEH\u0130RLENMEK GEREKMEZ!"},"content":{"rendered":"

Yaz\u0131: Bulut Aslan (End\u00fcstri M\u00fchendisi, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131), Yonca Demir (Bilgi \u00dcniversitesi \u0130\u015fletme B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesi)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Topra\u011f\u0131, suyu, di\u011fer canl\u0131lar\u0131 ve tohumlar\u0131 koruyan ekolojik y\u00f6ntemler olmadan g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011finden s\u00f6z edilemez. G\u00fcvenilir g\u0131da, g\u0131dan\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fi ve g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi,\u00a0sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 toprak, su ve tohumlarla m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr, bu da uygulanan tar\u0131m y\u00f6nteminin\u00a0do\u011fa dostu olmas\u0131na\u00a0ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Konvansiyonel tar\u0131mda verimi art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenen pestisitler, herbisitler, suni g\u00fcbreler ve hormonlar, topra\u011f\u0131, suyu ve biyo\u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcyor, insanlar\u0131 hasta ediyor, \u00e7ift\u00e7ileri d\u00fcnya piyasalar\u0131ndaki dalgalanmalara kar\u015f\u0131 korumas\u0131z b\u0131rak\u0131yor. K\u0131sacas\u0131, g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fimizi tehdit ediyor. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da y\u00f6ntemini ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zetledi\u011fimiz matematiksel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi gibi (Aslan ve Demir, 2018), ekolojik tar\u0131m y\u00f6ntemleriyle T\u00fcrkiye n\u00fcfusunun tamam\u0131 rahatl\u0131kla beslenebilir.<\/p>\n

Konvansiyonel tar\u0131m, ekinleri b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcrken kimyasal g\u00fcbrelerden faydalan\u0131r. \u0130stenmeyen b\u00f6cekleri ve bitkileri \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131lan bu kimyasallar, topraktaki di\u011fer canl\u0131 organizmalar\u0131 da \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr ve toprak enkaza d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Bu y\u00f6ntem ayn\u0131 zamanda olumsuz bir k\u0131s\u0131r d\u00f6ng\u00fc yarat\u0131r: Azotlu g\u00fcbre kulland\u0131k\u00e7a, ayn\u0131 toprakta bir kez daha herhangi bir bitki yeti\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in daha fazla azotlu g\u00fcbre kullanmak gerekir. Konvansiyonel tar\u0131m, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sulama sonucu temiz yeralt\u0131 sular\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131na ve tar\u0131m kimyasallar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u011fmur sular\u0131yla akarsu ve denizlere ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131p buralarda oksijensiz \u00f6l\u00fc alanlar yarat\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olarak su kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 da olumsuz etkiler.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fa dostu tar\u0131m y\u00f6ntemlerinde ise \u00e7ift\u00e7iler, organik g\u00fcbre veya kendi yapt\u0131klar\u0131 kompostu kullan\u0131r, biyolojik m\u00fccadele, karde\u015f bitkiler, do\u011fru sulama ve mesafeli ekim gibi y\u00f6ntemlerden faydalan\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6ntemle i\u015flenen topraklarda azot mineralizasyon potansiyeli daha y\u00fcksektir ve bitki hastal\u0131klar\u0131 daha az g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ekolojik y\u00f6ntemlerin uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarlalarda daha fazla ve \u00e7e\u015fitli mikroorganizma faaliyeti vard\u0131r. Bu durum pozitif bir d\u00f6ng\u00fc yaratarak topra\u011f\u0131n daha fazla karbon ve azot i\u00e7ermesine sebep olur. Toprak, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ya\u011f\u0131\u015f d\u00f6nemlerinde daha fazla su tutabilir, erozyona kar\u015f\u0131 daha diren\u00e7li hale gelir, \u00a0daha az sulama gerektirir ve kurakl\u0131k d\u00f6nemlerinde konvansiyonel y\u00f6ntemlerle i\u015flenmi\u015f topra\u011fa g\u00f6re daha verimlidir.<\/p>\n

\u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin etkisini art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131nda, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n beslenmesini sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve \u00e7evreye en az maliyetle sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm te\u015fkil edecek do\u011fa dostu alternatiflerde; organik tar\u0131m, onar\u0131c\u0131 tar\u0131m, do\u011fal tar\u0131m\u00a0(Fukuoka, 1978), permak\u00fclt\u00fcr, biyodinamik tar\u0131m gibi \u00e7ok say\u0131da y\u00f6ntemden s\u00f6z edilebilir.<\/p>\n

Sa\u011fl\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan riskler!<\/strong><\/p>\n

Konvansyionel ve do\u011fa dostu… Bu iki tar\u0131m modeli, halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da b\u00fcy\u00fck farkl\u0131l\u0131klar g\u00f6steriyor. Organik \u00fcr\u00fcnlerde daha y\u00fcksek antioksidan, daha az kadmiyum ve daha seyrek olarak b\u00f6cek ilac\u0131 kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131na rastlan\u0131yor. End\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131m\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda kalp hastal\u0131klar\u0131nda art\u0131\u015f, \u00fcretimde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 antibiyotik kullan\u0131m\u0131 sonucu bu ila\u00e7lar\u0131n t\u0131pta etkili kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n tehlikeye at\u0131lmas\u0131, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 pestisit kullan\u0131m\u0131 sonucu tar\u0131m i\u015f\u00e7ileri ve t\u00fcketicilerde artan kanser vakalar\u0131 ve tar\u0131m kimyasallar\u0131n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hormonal ve \u00fcremeyle ilgili problemler say\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Bir\u00e7ok bilimsel yay\u0131nda, organik tar\u0131m\u0131n, verim a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan konvansiyonelle yar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00f6zellikle kurakl\u0131k d\u00f6nemlerinde daha iyi bir performans sergiledi\u011fi belirtiliyor. Geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde \u00f6nemli bir verim fark\u0131 bulunamazken, geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerde organik tar\u0131m veriminin konvansiyonelden daha y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zlemlenmi\u015f. Organik tar\u0131m yapan \u00e7iftliklerin, iki y\u0131ll\u0131k ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u00fcrecini atlatt\u0131ktan sonra, girdi maliyetlerinin daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131 ve \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini daha y\u00fcksek fiyata satabilmelerinden dolay\u0131 daha k\u00e2rl\u0131 oldu\u011fu belirlenmi\u015f. Fiyatlar\u0131n y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131 \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin eme\u011finin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 almalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flarken, ayn\u0131 zamanda t\u00fcketicilerin eri\u015fimini zorla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ele\u015ftiriliyor. Ankara\u2019da Do\u011fal ve Bilin\u00e7li Beslenme Grubu\u2019nun kurucular\u0131ndan Ceyhan Tem\u00fcrc\u00fc, zehirli kimyasallar kullan\u0131lmadan \u00fcretilen \u201cger\u00e7ek\u201d g\u0131dalar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck nitelikli end\u00fcstriyel g\u0131dalar kadar ucuz olmalar\u0131n\u0131n beklenemeyece\u011fini \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc end\u00fcstriyel \u00fcretimde maliyetlerin d\u0131\u015fsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Maliyetlerin ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerine y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131; do\u011fan\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi, g\u0131da ve tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve maruz kald\u0131klar\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla sa\u011fl\u0131k harcamalar\u0131 yoluyla t\u00fcketicilerin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi \u015feklinde oluyor.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyada \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ekonomik sorunlar\u0131n k\u00f6k\u00fcnde b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli ve monok\u00fclt\u00fcr sistemler yat\u0131yor. K\u00fcreselle\u015fme sonucu \u00f6zellikle fakir \u00fclkelerdeki devlet denetiminin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ift\u00e7iler, d\u00fcnya girdi ve \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 piyasalar\u0131ndaki dalgalanma kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda korumas\u0131z kald\u0131. Bu g\u00fcvencesizlik sonucunda toprak ve i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc metala\u015ft\u0131; k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ift\u00e7iler tar\u0131m d\u0131\u015f\u0131 alanlarda i\u015f aramaya itildiler. Bu durumu konvansiyonel tar\u0131mda s\u0131kl\u0131kla g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.<\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan, do\u011faya ve toplumsal b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011fe sayg\u0131l\u0131 \u00fcretim, organik sertifikal\u0131 tar\u0131m\u0131n felsefesinde yer al\u0131yor ancak b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekte ve monok\u00fclt\u00fcr \u015feklinde yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda organik sertifikal\u0131 \u00fcretimin de \u00e7evreye olumsuz etkileri olabiliyor.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcvenilir g\u0131daya ula\u015fmak ve g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in t\u00fcketicilerin, g\u0131da \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7leriyle ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmeleri, t\u00fcketici \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesine a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k vermeleri, duyarl\u0131 \u00fcreticilerle dayan\u0131\u015fmaya gitmeleri, g\u00fcven duyulan \u00fcreticilerin \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine arac\u0131s\u0131z ula\u015fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve hatta \u00fcretimin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olmalar\u0131 gerekiyor.<\/p>\n

Ekolojik tar\u0131m T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi besler<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>\u00c7o\u011funlukla b\u00fcy\u00fck ila\u00e7 ve tohum \u015firketlerinin sesini duyuran ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 bu \u015firketler taraf\u0131ndan fonlanan konvansiyonel tar\u0131m taraftarlar\u0131n\u0131n temel arg\u00fcman\u0131, \u201cBa\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc d\u00fcnyay\u0131 besleyemeyiz, bu kimyasallar\u0131 ve geneti\u011fi de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f organizmalar\u0131 kullanmak zorunday\u0131z\u201d \u015feklinde. Ekolojik y\u00f6ntemlerin benimsendi\u011fi tar\u0131m\u0131n veriminin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fu, d\u00fcnyay\u0131 beslemek i\u00e7in \u00e7ok fazla alana ihtiya\u00e7 duyulaca\u011f\u0131 ve ormanlar\u0131n kesilece\u011fi; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, konvansiyonel tar\u0131m\u0131n daha \u00e7evreci oldu\u011fu dahi iddia edilebiliyor. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde a\u00e7l\u0131k sorununun as\u0131l sebebinin yetersiz \u00fcretim de\u011fil, g\u0131daya eri\u015fim ve adaletsiz gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k; g\u0131da israf\u0131 ve hatal\u0131 beslenme al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131 da sorunu art\u0131r\u0131yor. Konvansiyonel tar\u0131m\u0131n ve bunun da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m bi\u00e7iminin d\u00fcnyay\u0131 besleyemedi\u011finin \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131k oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen, -yak\u0131n zamanda aram\u0131zdan ayr\u0131lan- Permak\u00fclt\u00fcr uygulamac\u0131lar\u0131ndan Whitefield, \u00f6z\u00fcnde yenilenebilir olmayan kaynaklar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve verimli toprak kayb\u0131 olan bu sistemin krizlerine i\u015faret ediyordu. Whitefield, organik tar\u0131mdan da ileri giderek, permak\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn d\u00fcnyay\u0131 beslemek ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek konusunda anlaml\u0131 bir se\u00e7enek oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylerken, hem toplumsal hem de tar\u0131msal geli\u015fimin y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn de\u011fi\u015fmesinin \u015fart oldu\u011funu da eklemi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

\u201dEkolojik tar\u0131m T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi besler\u201d konulu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131z\u0131, \u201cd\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunu besleyebilme\u201d tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na matematiksel bir katk\u0131 sunmak amac\u0131yla yapt\u0131k. En geli\u015fmi\u015f optimizasyon y\u00f6ntemlerinden do\u011frusal programlamay\u0131 kullanarak T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in organik tar\u0131m planlamas\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z modelde temel de\u011fi\u015fkenler, her ilde, orada ya\u015fayan insan ve hayvan n\u00fcfusunun g\u0131da ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak \u015fekilde hangi \u00fcr\u00fcnden ne kadar \u00fcretilmesi ve hangi hayvan t\u00fcr\u00fcnden (yerel \u0131rk s\u00fct ine\u011fi, melez besi s\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131, yumurta tavu\u011fu, vs.) ka\u00e7 tane yeti\u015ftirilmesi gerekti\u011fini temsil ediyor.<\/p>\n

Bir il, kendi ihtiyac\u0131ndan fazla \u00fcretim de yapabiliyor, fazla \u00fcretim kendine yetmeyen ba\u015fka bir ilin ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak \u00fczere g\u00f6nderiliyor; bu durumun hesab\u0131 nakliye miktar\u0131n\u0131 temsil eden de\u011fi\u015fkenler taraf\u0131ndan tutuluyor. Modeldeki k\u0131s\u0131tlar her ilde var olan ekilebilir alan\u0131 kullanarak \u00fcretim yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yor. E\u011fer \u00fcretim ve nakliye yeterli de\u011filse uygun de\u011fi\u015fkenler yoluyla eksik g\u0131da miktar\u0131 kaydediliyor. Modelin amac\u0131 g\u0131dan\u0131n kat etti\u011fi toplam yolu ve herhangi bir ilde eksik kalan g\u0131da miktar\u0131n\u0131 en aza indirmek. Veri toplama a\u015famas\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye \u0130statistik Kurumu (T\u00dc\u0130K) sayfalar\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan sorgulamalarla her b\u00f6lgenin n\u00fcfus ve ekilebilir alan bilgilerine, bitkisel \u00fcretim istatistiklerini kullanarak konvansiyonel verim bilgisine ula\u015ft\u0131k. Bu verim de\u011ferlerini Seufert vd. (2012) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda \u00f6nerilen oranlarda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrerek organik tar\u0131m verim de\u011ferlerini belirledik. Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k ile ilgili verileri Et ve S\u00fct Kurumu belgeleri ve organik \u00e7iftliklerden edindik. Toplamda 81 il, 106 farkl\u0131 bitkisel \u00fcr\u00fcn, 12 farkl\u0131 taze ot (yonca, fi\u011f, yulaf, vb.) ve 4 hayvansal \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc (s\u0131\u011f\u0131r eti, inek s\u00fct\u00fc, yumurta ve tavuk eti) hesaba katt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z modelin yakla\u015f\u0131k 950 bin de\u011fi\u015fkeni ve 40 bin kadar k\u0131s\u0131t\u0131 olup g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz bilgisayarlar\u0131nda yar\u0131m dakikada \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclebiliyor.<\/p>\n

Mesafeler hesaba kat\u0131l\u0131nca model, kendine yetmeyen illere, \u00fcretim fazlas\u0131 olan en yak\u0131n illerden \u00fcr\u00fcn transfer ediyor. Haberler iyi: T\u00fcrkiye organik tar\u0131m \u015fartlar\u0131nda kendisini besleyebiliyor.<\/p>\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmada, g\u00fcnl\u00fck 2300-2400 kcal enerji i\u00e7eren dengeli m\u00f6n\u00fclerle T\u00fcrkiye n\u00fcfusunu besleyebilmek i\u00e7in ekilebilir alanlar\u0131n y\u00fczde 54\u2019\u00fcn\u00fcn (ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131 1,78 d\u00f6n\u00fcm)[1]<\/a> organik tar\u0131m \u015fartlar\u0131 alt\u0131nda yeterli oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdik. Hayvansal g\u0131dalar\u0131 ekledi\u011fimizde ise ekilebilir alanlar\u0131n y\u00fczde 63\u2019\u00fc (ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131 2,06 d\u00f6n\u00fcm) yeterli oldu. \u00d6rne\u011fin ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131 sadece 0,051 d\u00f6n\u00fcm ekilebilir alan d\u00fc\u015fen \u0130stanbul\u2019un g\u0131da ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 vejetaryen m\u00f6n\u00fcde Marmara b\u00f6lgesindeki illerden g\u00f6nderilmek suretiyle kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131yor; ancak hayvansal \u00fcr\u00fcnler planlamaya kat\u0131l\u0131nca, Do\u011fu Anadolu gibi uzak b\u00f6lgelerden \u00fcr\u00fcn getirtmek gerekiyor. Hayvansal \u00fcr\u00fcnleri modele katt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, bireylerin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaloride y\u00fczde 3\u2019l\u00fck bir art\u0131\u015f\u0131n, ekilebilir arazi kullan\u0131m\u0131nda y\u00fczde 17\u2019lik bir art\u0131\u015fa sebep oldu\u011funa \u015fahit olduk.<\/p>\n

Bu sonu\u00e7lar, vejetaryen beslenmenin hayvansal g\u0131dalar i\u00e7eren bir diyete k\u0131yasla daha az kaynak t\u00fcketti\u011fini do\u011fruluyor. Optimizasyon algoritmas\u0131, hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kta yerel \u0131rklar\u0131n meralarda otlad\u0131\u011f\u0131, hava ve ot \u015fartlar\u0131 elvermedi\u011fi d\u00f6nemlerde de yaz sonu kesilmi\u015f kurutulmu\u015f otlarla beslendi\u011fi ekstansif \u00fcretimi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca tercih etti, ancak meralar\u0131n yetmedi\u011fi noktada, melez \u0131rklar\u0131n tah\u0131lla beslendi\u011fi entansif hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6neldi. Bu da entansif hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k y\u00f6nteminin asl\u0131nda daha fazla girdi kullanarak daha az \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 \u00fcreten bir sistem oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n

\u015eiddetli kurakl\u0131k sonucunda \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu\u2019nun tar\u0131m yap\u0131lamaz bir duruma d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir senaryoyu da test ettik. Tar\u0131msal anlamda \u015fansl\u0131 bir konumu olan \u00fclkemiz, bu zor \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda dahi kendini organik tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleriyle besleyebiliyor ancak bu senaryoda ekilebilir alanlar\u0131n y\u00fczde 88\u2019i kullan\u0131l\u0131yor (ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131 2,90 d\u00f6n\u00fcm) ve geri kalan topraklar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu nadas alan\u0131. Bu sonu\u00e7 \u201cvars\u0131n kurakl\u0131k olsun\u201d \u015feklinde anla\u015f\u0131lmamal\u0131, daha ziyade do\u011fa dostu tar\u0131m\u0131n, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131nda, \u00e7evreye zarar vermeden ve gelecek ku\u015faklar\u0131 zor durumda b\u0131rakmadan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n beslenmesini sa\u011flayabilecek ve hatta toprak \u00fczerinde onar\u0131c\u0131 bir etki yaparak, k\u00fcresel iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 yava\u015flatabilecek bir alternatif oldu\u011funa i\u015faret ediyor.<\/p>\n

Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler G\u0131da ve Tar\u0131m \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fcne g\u00f6re (FAO), d\u00fcnyada ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131 2,18 d\u00f6n\u00fcm ekilebilir alan bulunuyor. Ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z sonu\u00e7lardan anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gibi, sadece T\u00fcrkiye n\u00fcfusunu de\u011fil d\u00fcnyay\u0131 da tamamen ekolojik y\u00f6ntemlerle yeti\u015ftirilmi\u015f tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleriyle besleyebilmek i\u00e7in yeterince ekilebilir alan vard\u0131r. Tamamen do\u011fa dostu tar\u0131ma ge\u00e7mi\u015f bir T\u00fcrkiye, hem kendi halk\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde besleyerek g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f bir \u00fclke olabilecek, hem de fosil yak\u0131t t\u00fcketimini azaltm\u0131\u015f ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fe katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015f olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

KAYNAK\u00c7A:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Acs, S. vd. (2007) \u201cConversion to organic arable farming in The Netherlands: A dynamic linear programming analysis\u201d, Agricultural Systems,<\/em> 94:405\u2013415.<\/p>\n

Aslan, B. ve Demir, A.Y. (2018) \u201cOrganic Farming Suffices to Feed a Country: a Large-Scale Linear Programming Model to Develop an Organic Agriculture Plan for Turkey\u201d, Sustainable Agriculture Research<\/em><\/span> \u00a07(1): 118\u2013136.<\/p>\n

Altieri, M.A. ve Rosset, P. (1996) \u201cAgroecology and the conversion of large-scale conventional systems to sustainable management\u201d, International Journal of Environmental Studies<\/em> 50: 165\u2013185.<\/p>\n

Badgley, C. vd. (2007) \u201cOrganic agriculture and the global food supply\u201d, Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems<\/em>, 22(2):86\u2013108.<\/p>\n

Bara\u0144ski M. vd. (2014) \u201cHigher antioxidant and lower cadmium concentrations and lower incidence of pesticide residues in organically grown crops: a systematic literature review and meta-analyses\u201d, British Journal of Nutrition<\/em>, 112(05): 794\u2013811.<\/p>\n

Drinkwater, L.E. vd. (1995) \u201cFundamental differences between conventional and organic tomato agroecosystems in California\u201d, Ecological Applications,<\/em> 5(4): 1098\u20131112.<\/p>\n

Erzincanl\u0131, H.O. (2013) Organik \u00d6tesi Tar\u0131m, <\/em>Yeni \u0130nsan Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul. (T\u00fcrk\u00e7e)<\/p>\n

Keim, B. vd. (2013) “The Age of Plenty.” IEEE Spectrum<\/em>,\u00a0 50 (6): 1-3.<\/p>\n

Keyder, \u00c7. ve Yenal, Z. (2011) \u201cAgrarian change under globalization: markets and insecurity in Turkish agriculture\u201d, Journal of Agrarian Change<\/em> 11(1): 60\u201386.<\/p>\n

Liebig, M.A. ve Doran, J.W. (1999) \u201cImpact of organic production practices on soil quality indicators\u201d, Journal of Environmental Quality,<\/em> 28: 1601\u20131609.<\/p>\n

Mollison, B. (1991) Introduction to permaculture<\/em>, Tagari Publications, Tasmania.<\/p>\n

Mulvaney, R.L. vd. (2009) \u201cSynthetic nitrogen fertilizers deplete soil nitrogen: a global dilemma for sustainable cereal production\u201d, Journal of Environmental Quality, <\/em>38: 2295\u20142314.<\/p>\n

Pimentel, D. vd. (2005) \u201cEnvironmental, energetic, and economic comparisons of organic and conventional farming systems\u201d, BioScience<\/em> 55(7): 573\u2014582.<\/p>\n

Reganold, J.P. ve Wachter, J.M. (2016) \u201cOrganic agriculture in the twenty-first century\u201d, Nature Plants, <\/em>2: 1-8.<\/p>\n

Whitefield, P. (2016) \u201cCan permaculture feed the world?\u201d, Permaculture<\/em>, http:\/\/www.permaculture.co.uk\/articles\/can-permaculture-feed-world<\/a> Eri\u015fim 1 Mart 2016.<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> T\u00fcrkiye’de 2013 y\u0131l\u0131 itibariyle ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen ekilebilir arazi 3,3 d\u00f6n\u00fcmd\u00fcr. T\u00dc\u0130K, 2013, \u0130statistiklerle T\u00fcrkiye.<\/p>\n

Foto\u011fraflar: Jade \u00c7iftli\u011fi, \u015eaban Burhan \u00c7iftli\u011fi<\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Yaz\u0131: Bulut Aslan (End\u00fcstri M\u00fchendisi, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131), Yonca Demir (Bilgi \u00dcniversitesi \u0130\u015fletme B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesi) Topra\u011f\u0131,Devam\u0131<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":359,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-356","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-genel"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/356","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=356"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/356\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":443,"href":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/356\/revisions\/443"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/359"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=356"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=356"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=356"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}