{"id":446,"date":"2018-06-28T15:01:09","date_gmt":"2018-06-28T12:01:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/?p=446"},"modified":"2018-06-28T15:01:09","modified_gmt":"2018-06-28T12:01:09","slug":"balin-sirri-arida","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/?p=446","title":{"rendered":"BALIN SIRRI ARIDA"},"content":{"rendered":"

Yaz\u0131: G\u00fcne\u015fin Aydemir<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0130nsan do\u011fada ya\u015fayan di\u011fer canl\u0131lar i\u00e7inde kendini en ak\u0131ll\u0131 g\u00f6ren canl\u0131. Ba\u015fka canl\u0131lar\u0131n kendilerini nas\u0131l g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerini mevcut yetenek ve imk\u00e2nlar\u0131m\u0131zla g\u00f6remedi\u011fimiz i\u00e7in b\u00f6yle bir kan\u0131m\u0131z var. \u0130nsan\u0131n madde d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 manip\u00fclasyon yetene\u011fi de hayli geli\u015fkin oldu\u011fundan do\u011faya olan m\u00fcdahalelerimiz, t\u00fcm canl\u0131lar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tehdit eder hale geldi.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fa, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da bizler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ya\u015famsal \u00f6neme sahip bir canl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcnden bahsetmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131m bir nebze. Bir nebze diyorum, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc do\u011fadaki her canl\u0131 incelenmeye, g\u00f6zlenmeye de\u011fer ve bu dikkatle yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda akl\u0131na pek g\u00fcvenen insan o\u011flu veya k\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 hayretlere d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrecek kadar karma\u015f\u0131k.<\/p>\n

Konumuz bal ar\u0131lar\u0131. Esasen bu canl\u0131lar i\u00e7in \u00e7o\u011ful bir kelime kullanmak da yersiz. Zira bu canl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc tek ba\u015f\u0131na ya\u015fabilen canl\u0131lardan olu\u015fmamakta. Gruptan ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak \u00f6len tek bir bal ar\u0131s\u0131, koloni i\u00e7inde, ayn\u0131 kovan\u0131 payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 on binlerce ar\u0131 ile bir b\u00fct\u00fcn, belli bir d\u00fczen i\u00e7inde ya\u015fabiliyor ancak. Bu canl\u0131lar sadece bir arada olduklar\u0131nda kendileri i\u00e7in temel ya\u015fam \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturabiliyor. Belki de bu sebepten ar\u0131c\u0131lar ar\u0131lar\u0131ndan bahsederken \u201car\u0131\u201d dediklerinde t\u00fcm kovan\u0131 kastederler.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Bal ar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n insanla olan ili\u015fkisi de binlerce y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine dayan\u0131yor. Bu ilgi, b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda bu canl\u0131lar\u0131n mucizevi \u015fekilde \u00fcretti\u011fi baldan kaynaklan\u0131yor. Bal\u0131n da sofram\u0131zdaki yeri tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaz bir \u00f6neme sahip elbette ama ar\u0131lar\u0131n bal \u00fcretiminden daha \u00f6nemli temel i\u015flevi, \u201d\u00e7i\u00e7ekli bitkilerin tozla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak\u201d desek yanl\u0131\u015f olmaz. Ar\u0131lar\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131l\u0131k tarihi boyunca bitkiler alemi ile kurdu\u011fu ili\u015fki, sadece kendi soylar\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011fil, do\u011fadaki besin piramidinin en temel tabakas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan \u00e7i\u00e7ekli bitkilerin devam\u0131 i\u00e7in de kritik \u00f6neme sahip.<\/p>\n

Peki bu bitkilere neden muhtac\u0131z?<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyam\u0131zdaki ya\u015fam i\u00e7in zaruri olan saf enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131, yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde baz\u0131 bakteriler ve ye\u015fil yaprakl\u0131 bitkiler taraf\u0131ndan i\u015flenerek besin maddelerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ye\u015fil yaprakl\u0131 bitkiler, bu bitkileri yiyen canl\u0131lar i\u00e7in besin \u00fcretir. Otobur canl\u0131lar\u0131 yiyen etoburlar\u0131n da bu g\u0131da d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcne ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylememiz san\u0131r\u0131m yersiz. \u00d6zetle, yedi\u011fimiz bir lokma ekmek i\u00e7inde bolca g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 var desek abartm\u0131\u015f olmay\u0131z. Belki inan\u0131lmas\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 gelebilir ama bug\u00fcn sofram\u0131z\u0131 s\u00fcsleyen ve bizleri besleyen g\u0131dalar\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 bu do\u011fal d\u00f6ng\u00fcye bor\u00e7luyuz.<\/p>\n

\u00c7i\u00e7ekli bitkilerin (dolay\u0131s\u0131yla koyun, ke\u00e7i, inek gibi otoburlar\u0131n da) neslinin devam\u0131, tohumdan tohuma d\u00f6ng\u00fcn\u00fcn tamamlanmas\u0131 ile olmaktad\u0131r. Bir bitki \u00f6mr\u00fc boyunca tohumundan \u00e7\u0131kmakta, geli\u015fmekte, \u00e7i\u00e7ek a\u00e7makta \u2013bu esnada bolca nektar \u00fcretmekte- , \u00e7i\u00e7ek d\u00f6llenerek meyve vermekte ve bu meyve de tekrar tohuma d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmektedir. \u00c7i\u00e7e\u011fin d\u00f6llenmesi r\u00fczg\u00e2rla ya da tesad\u00fcfen olabildi\u011fi gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda yukar\u0131da bahsetti\u011fim, birlikte evrimsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm mekanizmas\u0131 nedeniyle b\u00f6cekler alemine ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6yle bitki t\u00fcrleri vard\u0131r ki, belli bir b\u00f6cek t\u00fcr\u00fc olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumda ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcremez.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>D\u00fcnyada \u00fcretilen g\u0131da maddelerinin y\u00fczde 90 gibi y\u00fcksek bir oran\u0131, yakla\u015f\u0131k 80 bitki t\u00fcr\u00fcnden elde ediliyor. Bu bitki\u00a0t\u00fcrlerinin y\u00fczde 80\u2019ine yak\u0131n\u0131 ise ar\u0131 tozla\u015fmas\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duyuyor. \u0130nsan g\u0131das\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te biri do\u011frudan veya dolayl\u0131 olarak ar\u0131lara ba\u011fl\u0131 ve bal bunlardan sadece biri.<\/p>\n

Tozla\u015fmaya gereken \u00f6nem verildi\u011finde ay\u00e7i\u00e7e\u011finde y\u00fczde 45-50, mera bitkilerinde, elma ve armutta y\u00fczde 50-60, sebzelerde y\u00fczde 75-90, kavun ve karpuzda y\u00fczde 95-100\u2019e varan \u00fcr\u00fcn art\u0131\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flanabiliyor.<\/p>\n

Peki bu kadar ya\u015famsal \u00f6neme sahip bir canl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcne, biz ak\u0131ll\u0131 canl\u0131lar olarak ne yap\u0131yoruz?<\/p>\n

Verdi\u011fimiz zarar\u0131n boyutlar\u0131n\u0131 idrak edebilmek i\u00e7in ar\u0131lar\u0131n kovan i\u00e7indeki sosyolojik yap\u0131lar\u0131na ve \u00e7i\u00e7eklerle ili\u015fkilerindeki ekolojik \u00e7er\u00e7eveyi iyi bilmek gerekir, buralarda da hen\u00fcz \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmemi\u015f pek \u00e7ok gizem oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015f olal\u0131m. Bildiklerimizi bu yaz\u0131ya s\u0131\u011fd\u0131rmak \u00e7ok zor. O nedenle 1927 bas\u0131ml\u0131 Frisch\u2019in Ar\u0131lar\u0131n Hayat\u0131<\/em> isimli kitab\u0131 okuman\u0131z\u0131 tavsiye ederim.<\/p>\n

Kovan\u0131n bulundu\u011fu nokta merkezde olmak \u00fczere 6 km \u00e7apl\u0131k bir alan\u0131 tarayabilen bir bal ar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n, kovan\u0131n konuldu\u011fu arazinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131yla ilgilenmedi\u011fini anlamak zor de\u011fil. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ar\u0131lar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ya\u015fayabilmeleri i\u00e7in bulunduklar\u0131 co\u011frafyada \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli, bol nektarl\u0131 bitkiler, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 meralar, tar\u0131m kimyasal\u0131 kullan\u0131lmayan bir tar\u0131m bi\u00e7imi, temiz su kaynaklar\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan, medeniyetimiz an itibariyle \u015fu temeller \u00fczerinde durmakta: Do\u011fal bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc ot ila\u00e7lar\u0131yla \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyor, yanl\u0131\u015f sulama, baraj yap\u0131m\u0131 gibi sebeplerle co\u011frafyalar\u0131n su rejimleri bozuluyor, toprak s\u00fcrme, g\u00fcbreleme ve otlatmaya dayal\u0131 hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n bitmesi nedeniyle toprak tahrip oluyor, \u015fehirle\u015fme nedeniyle yaban alanlar\u0131 yok oluyor. Bunlara iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin etkilerini de ekledi\u011fimizde gezegenimizin ya\u015fam kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131zla dara girdi\u011fini anlamak zor de\u011fil.<\/p>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fcn u\u00e7arak nektar toplamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir bal ar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kilometrelerce mesafede bir damla nektar ya da polen bulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve kovana eli bo\u015f d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim. Koloninin a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6lmesi \u00e7ok uzun zaman almayacakt\u0131r. Zira bir bal ar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6mr\u00fc zaten g\u00fcnlerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. A\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6l\u00fcmleri \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in ar\u0131c\u0131lar b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda \u015fekerli su ile ar\u0131lar\u0131 besler. \u015eekerli su, ar\u0131lar\u0131n karn\u0131n\u0131 doyurmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar ve evet ondan da bal yaparlar ancak bin bir \u00e7e\u015fitlilikte mineral, vitamin ve kim bilir daha ne gibi \u00f6zel maddeler ta\u015f\u0131yan nektardan mahrum kal\u0131rlar. Bu durum, ba\u015fka bir\u00e7ok durumla (susuzluk, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi nedeniyle hava durumunun eski d\u00fczenini kaybetmesi gibi) birle\u015ferek koloninin zay\u0131flamas\u0131na neden olur. Parazitlere, hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 daha diren\u00e7siz hale gelirler.<\/p>\n

Ar\u0131lar\u0131n beslenmesi i\u00e7in gezici ar\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k yapanlar kovanlar\u0131n\u0131 daha yo\u011fun tar\u0131m yap\u0131lan b\u00f6lgelere g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr, bu nedenle kovanlar\u0131 oradan oraya ta\u015f\u0131rlar. \u00d6mr\u00fc k\u0131sac\u0131k olan bir koloni bireyi i\u00e7in ne kadar stresli bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik oldu\u011funu siz d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn… Ve ne yaz\u0131k ki bu stresin \u00fcstesinden gelmek i\u00e7in daha \u00e7ok \u015fekerli su, g\u0131da katk\u0131 maddeleri, ila\u00e7lar kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Elbette konu bu kadar basit ve y\u00fczeysel de\u011fil. Ama genel \u00e7er\u00e7evede insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bal, polen, balmumu, ila\u00e7 hammaddesi ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in y\u00f6netmeye cesaret etti\u011fi bu canl\u0131 grubunun f\u0131trat\u0131na uygun davranmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortada.<\/p>\n

Hayret etmek istersek, \u015fu bilgiler yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilir: Bir kiloluk bir bal\u0131n\u00a0yap\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in, ar\u0131lar\u0131n d\u00f6rt milyondan fazla \u00e7i\u00e7ekten\u00a0nektar toplamalar\u0131 gerekir. Bir i\u015f\u00e7i ar\u0131\u00a0\u00f6mr\u00fc boyunca bir \u00e7ay ka\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 12 de biri kadar\u00a0bal yapabilir. Bir krali\u00e7e ar\u0131 g\u00fcnde ortalama 1500 yumurta b\u0131rak\u0131r. Bal ar\u0131lar\u0131\u00a0saatte yakla\u015f\u0131k 24 km h\u0131zla u\u00e7abilir. Ar\u0131lar saniyede 250 kez kanat \u00e7\u0131rpabilir.\u00a0Bunu genellikle\u00a0kovan\u0131 so\u011futmak ve bal\u0131n suyunu buharla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u201cyelpazeleme\u201d ama\u00e7l\u0131 yaparlar…<\/p>\n

Ar\u0131lardan bahsetmek i\u00e7in saatler, sayfalar yetmez. Benim gibi \u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi burnunda bir ar\u0131 g\u00f6zlemcisi i\u00e7in ar\u0131lar\u0131n en \u00e7ok g\u00f6zlenmesi ve ders \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken \u00f6zelli\u011fi, kovan i\u00e7indeki ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l idare ettikleri san\u0131r\u0131m. Gezegenin ya\u015f\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda olduk\u00e7a toy bir canl\u0131 olan insan\u0131n yoldan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f bu halinde belki de en \u00e7ok ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu konuya, birlikte \u00fcretken ya\u015fam konusuna pek \u00e7ok cevaplar i\u00e7erdi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar ve ilham verici okuma listesi: <\/strong><\/p>\n

Ar\u0131lar\u0131n Hayat\u0131, Dr. Prof. K. V. Frisch
\nBal Orman\u0131 Eylem Plan\u0131, Orman ve Su \u0130\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131
\nAr\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k, Franz Lampeitl
\nAr\u0131 Kovan\u0131 Metaforu, Juan Antonio Ramirez<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Yaz\u0131: G\u00fcne\u015fin Aydemir   \u0130nsan do\u011fada ya\u015fayan di\u011fer canl\u0131lar i\u00e7inde kendini en ak\u0131ll\u0131 g\u00f6ren canl\u0131.Devam\u0131<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":450,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-446","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-genel"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/446","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=446"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/446\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":454,"href":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/446\/revisions\/454"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/450"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=446"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=446"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=446"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}