{"id":471,"date":"2018-07-18T16:52:56","date_gmt":"2018-07-18T13:52:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/?p=471"},"modified":"2018-07-18T16:52:56","modified_gmt":"2018-07-18T13:52:56","slug":"koyluluk-gida-guvenligi-ve-refah","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/?p=471","title":{"rendered":"K\u00d6YL\u00dcL\u00dcK, GIDA G\u00dcVENL\u0130\u011e\u0130 VE REFAH"},"content":{"rendered":"

Yaz\u0131: Tayfun \u00d6ZKAYA (Ege \u00dcniversitesi Ziraat Fak\u00fcltesi Tar\u0131m Ekonomisi B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Emekli \u00d6\u011fretim \u00dcyesi)<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Neo-liberal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00f6yl\u00fc i\u015fletmeleri verimsizdir. \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fe g\u00f6re getiri ilkesi uyar\u0131nca i\u015fletmelerin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi gerekir. Giri\u015fimci veya kapitalist \u00e7ift\u00e7i modeli geli\u015ftirilmelidir…<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de \u00f6zellikle 1980 sonras\u0131 zaman zaman geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fler ya\u015fansa da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00f6yl\u00fc i\u015fletmelerini tasfiyeyi ama\u00e7layan tar\u0131m politikalar\u0131 uyguland\u0131. \u00d6zellikle geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerdeki tar\u0131msal n\u00fcfusun y\u00fczde 5\u2019lerin alt\u0131na indi\u011fi ger\u00e7e\u011fi ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclerek, bunun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in u\u011fra\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ancak \u00f6zellikle sanayi ve hizmet alan\u0131nda geli\u015fen otomasyon, bilgisayar ve ileti\u015fim sekt\u00f6rlerinin yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131, daha geri \u00fclkelere sanayinin hatta hizmetlerin g\u00f6nderilmesi, -kapitalist sistemin 1970\u2019lerden bu yana i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc krizin bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc a\u015f\u0131lamamas\u0131n\u0131n da katk\u0131s\u0131yla- art\u0131k kentlerde istihdam art\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015f durumda. Bu nedenle kentlere giden k\u00f6yl\u00fc kitlelerine i\u015f yoktur.<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer yandan tar\u0131m; toplum, do\u011fa ve \u00e7ift\u00e7iler aras\u0131nda bir ili\u015fkinin kurulmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar. K\u00f6yl\u00fclerin do\u011fa ile kurduklar\u0131 ili\u015fki genel olarak onu koruma e\u011filimindedir. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu geli\u015fmeler, tar\u0131m\u0131n hem toplum hem de do\u011fa a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir kriz i\u00e7ine girmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yeni k\u00f6yl\u00fcler<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n

Buna kar\u015f\u0131n gerek 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l gerekse de i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz 21. y\u00fczy\u0131l i\u00e7inde k\u00f6yl\u00fcler, s\u00f6z konusu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerin ezberini bozan eylemlilikler i\u00e7ine girdiler. K\u00f6yl\u00fcler d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir\u00e7ok yerinde do\u011faya sayg\u0131l\u0131 ve do\u011frudan t\u00fcketicilere ula\u015fan yani pazarlama kanallar\u0131 olu\u015fturarak, kentli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan s\u0131n\u0131f ve kesimlerle ittifaklar olu\u015fturarak \u201cyeni k\u00f6yl\u00fc\u201d denilen bir geli\u015fmeye yol a\u00e7t\u0131lar. Bu olu\u015fumlardan biri olan MST (Topraks\u0131zlar), Brezilya\u2019da kolektif tar\u0131m i\u015fletmeleri olu\u015fturdu. SSCB\u2019de zorla kurulan kolektif i\u015fletmelerin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, do\u011faya sayg\u0131l\u0131 MST birimleri ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>\u201cYeni k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fck\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131 ortaya atan J. D. V. Der Ploeg\u2019un bir makalesini tan\u0131tan Murat \u00d6zt\u00fcrk sorunu \u015f\u00f6ylece tan\u0131ml\u0131yor: \u201cK\u00f6yl\u00fc \u00fcretiminin ge\u00e7ici mi, yoksa kal\u0131c\u0131 m\u0131 oldu\u011fu, ge\u00e7ici bir durum ise hangi \u015fartlarda ortadan kalkaca\u011f\u0131, de\u011filse varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebildi\u011fi, zaman i\u00e7inde nas\u0131l bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi gibi sorular olagelmi\u015ftir. Siyasal teoride ve eylemde ise k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn m\u00fcstakil bir s\u0131n\u0131f m\u0131 yoksa temel s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131na ara bir kategori mi oldu\u011fu, \u00f6zellikle i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n siyasal eyleminde bir ittifak olu\u015fturup olu\u015fturamayaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan tart\u0131\u015fma konular\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131 ve 21. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda k\u00f6yl\u00fc n\u00fcfusun h\u0131zla azalmas\u0131 ve tar\u0131m \u00fcretiminin hemen her \u00fclkede GSY\u0130H i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131, tar\u0131m\u0131n global ekonomik ve siyasal geli\u015fmelerden derinden etkilenmesi, klasik tar\u0131m sorununun ele al\u0131n\u0131\u015f\u0131nda farkl\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getirmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6nemde \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclen dikkat \u00e7eken tezlerden biri de k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn sona ermekte oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcd\u00fcr. Van der Ploeg, bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada dile getirdi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri ile k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn sona ermekte oldu\u011fu tezine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karak; \u2018evet bir yandan h\u0131zl\u0131 bir k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fckten \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f vard\u0131r; fakat di\u011fer yandan da yeniden k\u00f6yl\u00fcle\u015fme de ya\u015fanmaktad\u0131r\u2019 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vermektedir.\u201d<\/p>\n

End\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131m neyi de\u011fi\u015ftirdi?<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n

20. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren kentsel yerle\u015fimler, hayvansal \u00fcretim ve bitkisel \u00fcretim birbirlerinden kopmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00f6ncesinde bu \u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6ge i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015fti. Hatta kent i\u00e7i ve yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda da tar\u0131m yap\u0131l\u0131yordu. Bu d\u00f6nemde insan at\u0131klar\u0131 ve hayvan g\u00fcbreleri bitkisel \u00fcretim i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. Bitkisel at\u0131klar ve yan \u00fcr\u00fcnler de hayvanlar i\u00e7in besin oluyordu.<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dan yukar\u0131 ve yukardan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 bir beslenme d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc vard\u0131. Yayg\u0131n \u00e7evre kirlili\u011finden s\u00f6z edilmeyen bir d\u00f6nemdi. \u00d6nce kentler b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc ve di\u011fer ikisinden koptu. Daha sonra hayvansal \u00fcretim de bitkisel \u00fcretimden koptu. Bu bir geli\u015fme olarak kabul edilmi\u015fti. Ama\u00e7 bitkisel \u00fcretim ve hayvansal \u00fcretimde verimi art\u0131rmakt\u0131. Ancak h\u0131zla artan ekolojik problemler, \u00fcretilen g\u0131dalar\u0131n besin de\u011ferlerinin d\u00fc\u015fmesi, tar\u0131m ila\u00e7lar\u0131 ve kimyasal g\u00fcbrelerle olu\u015fan kirlilik g\u00f6z ard\u0131 ediliyordu. Hayvansal \u00fcretim, meralardan kopar\u0131larak kesif yem t\u00fcketimine d\u00f6n\u00fck bir hal ald\u0131 ve hayvanlar kapal\u0131 ve s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f binalarda beslenmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. Bu durum, fabrika tar\u0131m\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Ancak bunun sonucunda g\u00fcbre ve idrar havuzlarda topland\u0131; kimi yerlerde ise nehirlere bo\u015falt\u0131ld\u0131. Art\u0131k g\u00fcbreyi bitkisel \u00fcretime ula\u015ft\u0131rmak ekonomik de\u011fildi. Di\u011fer yandan hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k i\u015fletmeleri bitkisel \u00fcretimden kopar\u0131l\u0131nca n\u00f6betle\u015fmeye giren yem bitkileri ve baklagilleri yeti\u015ftirmek gereksizle\u015fti. Bunun bitkisel \u00fcretim \u00fczerindeki etkileri y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 oldu. Tek \u00fcr\u00fcn (monok\u00fclt\u00fcr) sistemi yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131. Son durumda tar\u0131m sistemi art\u0131k hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 da kapsayarak end\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131m olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

G\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011finde s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z s\u00fcre\u00e7te insan, hayvan ve bitki aras\u0131nda bir metabolik yar\u0131lmadan s\u00f6z ediyoruz. Beslenme ak\u0131m\u0131 kesildi; sadece bitkisel ve hayvansal \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin insana iletilmesi esas al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu geli\u015fme sonucu \u00fcr\u00fcnler kimyasal y\u00fckl\u00fc hale geldi. \u00dcretirken \u00e7ift\u00e7iler, t\u00fcketirken b\u00fct\u00fcn bir halk g\u0131da g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fi \"\"<\/a>a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131ya d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u00c7ift\u00e7ilerin maliyeti artt\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015fletmeler ve tek \u00fcr\u00fcn sisteminin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131yla t\u00fcketicinin \u00fcr\u00fcnlere \u00f6dedi\u011fi fiyat da artt\u0131. Bu da g\u0131da g\u00fcvencesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olumsuz bir geli\u015fimi ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ok de\u011fil 50 y\u0131l \u00f6nce \u0130stanbul\u2019da bile bir\u00e7ok semtte bitkisel ve hayvansal \u00fcretim vard\u0131. \u0130stanbul\u2019un me\u015fhur baz\u0131 sebzeleri yok oldu. Eskiden her \u00e7ift\u00e7inin ine\u011fi, tavu\u011fu, koyunu varken \u015fimdi bir\u00e7ok k\u00f6yl\u00fc art\u0131k s\u00fct\u00fc, yumurtay\u0131 marketlerden al\u0131r oldu. Bir\u00e7ok \u00e7ift\u00e7inin hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k yapmas\u0131 art\u0131k ekonomik de\u011fil. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k sadece tavuk\u00e7uluk, s\u00fct veya besi s\u0131\u011f\u0131rc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapan tar\u0131m i\u015fletmeleri var. Bu kopma, tar\u0131m i\u015fletmesi d\u00fczeyinde oldu\u011fu gibi \u00fclke d\u00fczeyinde de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k i\u015fletmeleri \u00fclkenin belirli b\u00f6lgelerinde yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ift\u00e7iler, uygulanan tar\u0131m politikalar\u0131 sonucu \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinden elde ettikleri gelirin artmamas\u0131 hatta baz\u0131 y\u0131llar \u015fiddetli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fler g\u00f6stermesine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, sat\u0131n ald\u0131klar\u0131 tar\u0131m ila\u00e7lar\u0131, kimyasal g\u00fcbreler, yem, tohum, mazot, makinelere \u00f6dedikleri fiyat\u0131n \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015feklide artmas\u0131ndan yak\u0131n\u0131yorlar. \u00c7ift\u00e7i ne kadar end\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131ma ba\u011fland\u0131 ise bu ezilme daha da g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oluyor.<\/p>\n

Sat\u0131n al\u0131nan girdilerin i\u015fletme i\u00e7inde \u00fcretilmesi ve agroekolojik bir tar\u0131ma ge\u00e7i\u015f bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olabilir. Bir \u00fcretim dal\u0131n\u0131n yan \u00fcr\u00fcnleri veya at\u0131klar\u0131, di\u011feri i\u00e7in girdi olabilir. \u00c7ift\u00e7i \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ise \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin do\u011frudan t\u00fcketiciye sat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yollar\u0131 aranmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu da ekolojik k\u00f6yl\u00fc pazarlar\u0131, topluluk destekli tar\u0131m gruplar\u0131 ile ili\u015fki kurulmas\u0131, kargo sistemi ile interneti kullanarak pazarlama, eko-kooperatiflerin kurulmas\u0131, agro-turizm gibi yollarla sa\u011flanabilir.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6yl\u00fc tar\u0131m\u0131 ve giri\u015fimci tar\u0131m, kapitalist tar\u0131m<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n

Tar\u0131m kesiminde \u00fc\u00e7 grup \u00e7ift\u00e7i bulunur. K\u00f6yl\u00fc tar\u0131m\u0131 ekolojik varl\u0131klar\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kullan\u0131m\u0131na dayan\u0131r. K\u00f6yl\u00fc, ge\u00e7imini savunma ve geli\u015ftirmeye y\u00f6neliktir. En temel \u00f6zelli\u011fi \u00e7ok fonksiyonluluktur. Emek daha \u00e7ok aile i\u00e7inden, bazen de k\u0131rsal kesim i\u00e7inde kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 yard\u0131mla\u015fmayla sa\u011flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci grup giri\u015fimci tip tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim yapanlard\u0131r. Finansal ve sanayi sermayesine dayan\u0131r. \u00d6l\u00e7ek olarak b\u00fcy\u00fcme \u00f6nemlidir. \u00dcretim ileri d\u00fczeyde ihtisasla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve tamam\u0131yla pazara y\u00f6neliktir. Girdiler ve \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar olarak pazara ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131d\u0131r. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k k\u00f6yl\u00fcler, \u00e7e\u015fitli mekanizmalarla tar\u0131m uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 bu pazarlardan uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmaya u\u011fra\u015f\u0131rlar. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u00e7ift\u00e7i kimyasal g\u00fcbre almak yerine bir miktar da hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k yaparak g\u00fcbrelerini bitkisel \u00fcretimde kullan\u0131r. Hayvanlar\u0131na yem almak yerine de bitkisel \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin art\u0131k ve yan \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini kullan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc grup b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli \u015firket (veya kapitalist) tar\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. Bu tarz, devletin y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ihracata y\u00f6nelik tar\u0131m desteklemeleri ile geli\u015fir. Emek, ayl\u0131kl\u0131 veya ge\u00e7ici i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fe dayal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dcretim k\u00e2r maksimizasyonunu esas al\u0131r. Giri\u015fimci \u00e7ift\u00e7iler ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olduklar\u0131nda kapitalist \u00e7ift\u00e7i olurlar. K\u00f6yl\u00fcler sosyal a\u00e7\u0131dan di\u011ferlerinden b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ayr\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Kapitalist \u00e7ift\u00e7ilik ve giri\u015fimci \u00e7ift\u00e7ilikte gelir daha az say\u0131da insan\u0131n elinde yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 (g\u0131da g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fi) konusunda olumsuz geli\u015fmeler yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak g\u0131da g\u00fcvencesinin k\u00f6t\u00fcye gitti\u011fini s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n

Yeni k\u00f6yl\u00fcler<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n

Yeniden k\u00f6yl\u00fcle\u015fme niteliksel bir kaymay\u0131 i\u00e7erir. Bu bazen Brezilya MST\u2019de oldu\u011fu gibi eskiden k\u00f6yl\u00fc olan gecekondu halk\u0131n\u0131n tekrar k\u00f6yl\u00fcle\u015fmesi olabildi\u011fi gibi, end\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131ma k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir \u015fekilde ba\u011fl\u0131 giri\u015fimci kesimin agroekolojik tar\u0131m y\u00f6ntemlerini benimseyerek k\u00f6yl\u00fcle\u015fmesi \u015feklinde de olabilir. \u00dclkemizde de k\u00f6y k\u00f6kenli ancak i\u015f\u00e7i ve memur olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f ki\u015filerin emekli olarak k\u00f6ye d\u00f6nen ve yeni k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc benimseyen ki\u015fi ve gruplara rastl\u0131yoruz. Hatta gen\u00e7 veya orta ya\u015fl\u0131 olan ve hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde k\u00f6y ile ilgili bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fi olmayan ki\u015filer de yeni k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fck saflar\u0131na kat\u0131labiliyor.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck g\u0131da ve girdi \u015firketlerinin hegemonyas\u0131 giderek y\u00fckseliyor. Hemen hemen sadece \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ba\u015f\u0131na ve\/veya dekara verime odaklanm\u0131\u015f ve k\u00e2r maksimizasyonunu hedeflemi\u015f neoliberal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce devlet politikalar\u0131 ve e\u011fitim\/ara\u015ft\u0131rma sekt\u00f6rlerindeki hegemonyas\u0131na da dayanarak tar\u0131m\u0131 bi\u00e7imlendiriyor. Bu durum, k\u00f6yl\u00fc kesiminin \u015fiddetli bir \u015fekilde gelir ve otonomi kayb\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lan\u0131yor. T\u00fcketicilere yans\u0131mas\u0131 ise y\u00fckselen g\u0131da fiyatlar\u0131 ve g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011findeki b\u00fcy\u00fck kay\u0131plar oluyor. \u00c7evrenin yok olma s\u00fcrecine girmesi ise b\u00fct\u00fcn bir toplumu etkiliyor. Geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerde tar\u0131mda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan n\u00fcfusun \u00e7ok azalm\u0131\u015f olabilir, ancak tar\u0131m, \u00e7ift\u00e7i ve t\u00fcketiciler i\u00e7in do\u011fa ile kurduklar\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir ba\u011flant\u0131 noktas\u0131.<\/p>\n

Toplumsal sorunlara soldan bakan baz\u0131 kesimler ise k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn yok olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 bunun ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc yan\u0131nda, k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sosyolojik gerili\u011fin kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyor. Di\u011fer yandan gerek tarihte, gerekse g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fckte olduk\u00e7a ileri ve sorumluluk alan giri\u015fimler de var. Neoklasik iktisad\u0131n destekledi\u011fi giri\u015fimci \u00e7ift\u00e7iler de k\u00f6yl\u00fcler gibi ellerine ge\u00e7en \u00fcr\u00fcn fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesi ve girdi fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131 nedeniyle, b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u0131da ve girdi sanayilerinin alt\u0131nda eziliyor.<\/p>\n

G\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011finde yeni k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn yeri<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7ta, gerek giri\u015fimci \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerde, gerekse de kentli ve bir zamanlar k\u00f6yl\u00fc olan hatta hi\u00e7 k\u00f6yle ili\u015fkili olmayan kesimlerde ba\u015flayan \u201cyeniden k\u00f6yl\u00fcle\u015fme\u201d denilen s\u00fcrece kat\u0131lanlar, girdi sanayine ba\u011fl\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karak, otonomi kazanmak amac\u0131yla agroekolojik tar\u0131m y\u00f6ntemlerini benimsiyor ve girdileri de tar\u0131mdan sa\u011fl\u0131yor. \u00dcr\u00fcnlerin sat\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ise s\u00fcpermarket zincirleri, g\u0131da \u015firketleri, t\u00fcccarlar vb. kesimlerden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z, do\u011frudan t\u00fcketiciye ula\u015fan pazarlama kanallar\u0131 kullanmaya ba\u015fl\u0131yorlar. Bu kanallar aras\u0131nda ekolojik k\u00f6yl\u00fc pazarlar\u0131, topluluk destekli tar\u0131m gruplar\u0131, eko-kooperatifler, t\u00fcketici kooperatifleri, internet \u00fczerinden do\u011frudan pazarlama, agroturizm gibi bir\u00e7ok form bulunuyor. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 \u00fclkemiz de dahil olmak \u00fczere d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir\u00e7ok k\u00f6\u015fesinde g\u00f6zlemleniyor. Brezilya MST hareketinde oldu\u011fu gibi, do\u011frudan kentten k\u0131ra g\u00f6\u00e7 eden \u00e7o\u011fu eski k\u00f6yl\u00fc veya k\u00f6y k\u00f6kenliler, kolektif tar\u0131m i\u015fletmeleri bile kurabiliyor.<\/p>\n

K\u00fcresel iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, \u00e7evre kirlili\u011fi ve g\u0131dalardaki yoksulla\u015fma, kirlenme, g\u0131da fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcketiciler i\u00e7in katlanamaz boyutlara ula\u015fmas\u0131 gibi end\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131m\u0131n ve uluslararas\u0131 dev g\u0131da \u015firketlerinin, uluslararas\u0131 s\u00fcpermarket zincirlerinin yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u201cyeni k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u201d \u00f6nemli bir rol oynayabilece\u011fini s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. K\u0131sacas\u0131 yeni k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fck, g\u0131da g\u00fcvencesini olumlu bir \u015feklide destekliyor. \u015e\u00fcphesiz a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dan yukar\u0131 olan bu de\u011fi\u015fimler kendili\u011finden bu hegemonik yap\u0131n\u0131n kolayca de\u011fi\u015febilece\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelmiyor. Sorunun tar\u0131m politikas\u0131 oldu\u011fu kadar genel politikay\u0131 da etkileyen y\u00f6nleri bulunuyor. \u00dclkemizde de embriyo olarak geli\u015fmekte olan bu s\u00fcrecin ba\u015fta ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar olmak \u00fczere gerekli ilgiyi \u00e7ekmesi yararl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

KAYNAKLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ba\u015fkaya, F. 2015. Yeni Paradigmay\u0131 Olu\u015fturmak, \u00d6teki Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

Douthwaite, B. 2002. Enabling Innovation- A Practical Guide to Understanding and Fostering Technological Change, Zed Books, London.<\/p>\n

FAO, 1996. State of the World Genetic Resources, Rome<\/p>\n

Foster, J.B. and Magdoff, F. 2000.\u201cLiebig, Marx, and Depletion of Soil Fertility: Relevance for Today\u2019s Agriculture\u201d Hungry for Profit i\u00e7inde, Monthly Review Press, New York, s. 43-60.<\/p>\n

Norberg-Hodge, H., Goering, P.\u00a0 ve Page, J.\u00a0 2001. From the Ground Up- Rethinking Industrial Agriculture, Zed Books, London.<\/p>\n

UNEP, 2009. IAASTD- International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development- Global Report, Washington. http:\/\/apps.unep.org\/publications\/pmtdocuments\/Agriculture_at_a_Crossroads_Global_Report.pdf<\/p>\n

\u00d6zkaya, T. 2007. \u201cTohumda Tekelle\u015fme ve Etkileri\u201d Tar\u0131m Ekonomisi Dergisi, cilt: 13, Say\u0131: 1,2, \u0130zmir, http:\/\/www.tayfunozkaya.com<\/p>\n

Ploeg, J. D. W. 2008. The New Peasantries, Earthscan, London.<\/p>\n

Ploeg, J. D. W. 2012.\u00a0 \u201cBir Kez Daha K\u00f6yl\u00fc \u00dcretim Tarz\u0131 \u00dczerine\u201d K\u0131rsal Kalk\u0131nmada Alternatif ve Yeni Yakla\u015f\u0131mlar, Heinrich B\u00f6ll Vakf\u0131, \u0130stanbul. https:\/\/tr.boell.org\/tr\/2014\/06\/16\/kirsal-kalkinmada-alternatif-ve-yeni-yaklasimlar-0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Yaz\u0131: Tayfun \u00d6ZKAYA (Ege \u00dcniversitesi Ziraat Fak\u00fcltesi Tar\u0131m Ekonomisi B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Emekli \u00d6\u011fretim \u00dcyesi)   Neo-liberalDevam\u0131<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":472,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-471","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-genel"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/471","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=471"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/471\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":478,"href":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/471\/revisions\/478"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/472"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=471"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=471"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gidatopluluklari.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=471"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}